what are statistical tools for data analysis

Among the many measurement outcomes used in monitoring, such as atmospheric deposition ( Horb et al. Environmental monitoring systematically measures these components over time to determine if changes have occurred or are occurring ( Yoccoz et al. We provide a high-level summary and practical guidance for those statistical techniques.Īnthropogenic activity influences the biological, chemical, and physical components of the environment. Recent progress in the development of statistical software has made these approaches more accessible and user-friendly. Generalized least squares (GLS), linear mixed-effect models (LMMs), and generalized linear mixed-effect models (GLMMs), as well as Bayesian data analyses, have been developed to better tackle these problems. Environmental data, however, are often faced with temporal and spatial dependencies, and unbalanced designs, thus making OLS techniques not suitable to provide valid statistical inferences.

However, the accuracy of inferences drawn from ordinary least squares (OLS) techniques depends on a set of assumptions, most prominently: (a) independence among observations, (b) normally distributed errors, (c) equal variances of errors, and (d) balanced designs.

We conducted a scoping review of the water quality literature and found that correlation and linear regression are by far the most used statistical tools.

Environmental monitoring of water quality has become increasingly common and widespread as a result of technological advances, leading to an abundance of datasets. Accordingly, the selection of appropriate statistical tools and experimental designs is integral to achieve accuracy from data analytical processes.

Robust scientific inference is crucial to ensure evidence-based decision making.

What are statistical tools for data analysis